extent of permeability damage caused by calcium, strontium, and barium sulfates that deposited on the rock pore surface. The rock permeability decline indicates the influence of the concentration of calcium, barium, and strontium ions. At higher temperatures, the deposition of CaCO3, CaSO4, and SrSO4 scales increases and the

Among scale deposits, barium and strontium sulfate (e.g., barite (B a S O 4) and celestite (S r S O 4)) are some of the most dominant mineral scale deposits in oilfield water due to their hardness, very low solubility [pKsp (at 25 °C): 9.97 (BaSO 4) and 6.63(SrSO 4)], and resistance to mechanical and chemical treatments (Kamal et al., 2018).

water contains barium and strontium, there is a potential for significant barium and strontium sulfate scaling and reservoir souring. Scale deposits are a common problem in water injection, and the type and severity of scaling varies between fields. Sulfate removal technology can help solve the problem at the source, enabling increased

Fracking's personal tragedies. Heather Leibowitz and Tony Avella, Commentary. April 28, 2014. As Gov. Andrew Cuomo continues to weigh whether to allow hydraulic fracturing in New York, it …

Sulphate scale may result from changes in temperature and/ or pressure while water flow from one location to another, but the major cause of sulphate scaling is the chemical incompatibility between the injected water, with high concentration of sulphate ion and formation waters, with high concentrations of calcium, barium and strontium ions.

This paper presents the results of laboratory experiments carried out to investigate the formation of barium sulfate and strontium sulfate [(Ba, Sr)SO4] solid solution in multi-pressure-tapped cores. Two brines, one barium- and strontium-rich and the other sulfate-rich, were mixed in a core plug.

The invention provides a kind of barium strontium calcium scale remover, comprises following components in percentage by weight: metal-chelator 20～35%, solubilizer 10～20%, dispersant 0.5～5%, potassium hydroxide 5～15%, deionized water 40～60%.Relative to prior art, barium strontium calcium scale remover scale removal described in the invention is functional, can effectively remove the ...

Here, we present an experimental and modeling work on the transport of alkaline earth elements in produced water, which are congeners of radium, namely, barium (Ba 2+ ), strontium (Sr 2+ ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), and magnesium (Mg 2+) in addition to sodium (Na + ). Column-flood tests were conducted using produced water from a shale-gas site and ...

Careful measurement and comparison of flood effluent profiles of precipitating and non-precipitating ionic species such as sulphate, barium, strontium, etc. indicates that barium sulphate precipitated in situ during the flooding experiments.

Barium sulfate scale in production and water flooding processes is considered the most difficult type of scale problem encountered. Barium sulfate is relatively insoluble, making scale dissolution impractical. The need for determination of its existence and prevention of the scale from depositing by use of scale inhibitors is very important.

Precipitation of the scale in the oil and gas reservoirs, surface and subsurface equipment, and processing and production facilities is a big problem as it affects petroleum production. The scale precipitations decrease the oil and gas production and cause economical loss. Solving this issue requires an engineering investigation to provide a safe, efficient, and economic solution.

Flooding was a minor factor, reducing the number of eggs available to hatch by only 2.3%. Predation on eggs was a major factor affecting nest success, reducing productivity by a third. Failed eggs were examined for abnormal development and contaminant concentrations. ... strontium, and barium—were somewhat dependent on the stage of embryo ...

calcium carbonate scale to barium/strontium sulfate scale in down-hole or in surface equipment. Additionally, SNF offers dewatering and de-oiling agents which have ... Among Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (CEOR) methods, polymer flooding is a straightforward technique with a long commercial history and proven results. This consists of injecting ...

The proceeding was initiated as a result of a complaint lodged in March 2004 by Solvay Barium Strontium (the complainant), the sole producer of barium carbonate in the Community representing 100 % of the Community production.

Barium sulfate is the most dominant type of sulfate scales occurring in water-flooding projects and is usually accompanied by strontium sulfate to form (Ba,Sr) (mat{{SO}}_{4}) mixtures which further intensifies the scaling problems in underground formation (Yuan 1989).

Zinc, Iron, Strontium, Barium. Explanation: New questions in Chemistry. The diagram and data below represent gas and the conditions of pressure ... Beach Erosion C) Salt Water Flooding D) Sink Hole Development Previous Next We're in the know. This site is using cookies under cookie policy. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing ...

Lediglich Zink kann in Bezug auf die Häufigkeit im Regenwasser mit den Elementen Aluminium, Barium, Strontium und Mangan mithalten. Dabei muss man jedoch wissen, dass jedes Jahr allein durch den Kfz-Bereich (v.a. Reifen und Bremsbeläge) 1.975 Tonnen Zink freigesetzt werden (Vergleich: 76,7 Tonnen Blei und 904 Tonnen Kupfer).

This paper is an experimental and theoretical study of permeability reduction of sandpacks caused by solids generation and migration. Two solids, calcium and barium sulfate crystals, were injected into and generated within the sandpacks by …

CHEMICAL COCKTAIL: Chemtrails contain high levels of Aluminum, Barium, Strontium-90 and Lead, as well as trace amounts of other chemicals including arsenic, chromium, cadmium, selenium and silver. Lithium is soon to be added to the list. ... extreme flooding…

Scaling occurs when seawater is used as a flooding or lifting agent during petroleum production. Formation waters in the basin tend to be rich in barium and strontium but depleted in sulfate. Seawater, on the other hand, contains about 2700 mg/kg SO 4 −−.

Removal of strontium and barium from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto expanded perlite M Torab‐Mostaedi, A Ghaemi, H Ghassabzadeh, M Ghannadi‐Maragheh The Canadian journal of chemical engineering 89 (5), 1247-1254, 2011

Due to the lack of reaction kinetics data, the rate of calcium, strontium, and barium sulfates were measured through flooding sandstone cores by monitoring the core effluent's calcium, barium ...

12%At present, most oilfields are developed by applying water-flooding technology. However, this technology is often accompanied by inorganic scale deposition on water- and oil-pipe and equipment walls due to the incompatibility between the injection fluid and formation water and for other reasons. Barium and strontium sulfates are highly resistant to the acids that are generally …

Barium reacts more vigorously than calcium or strontium, although these reactions would be expected to be less vigorous than those of the alkali metal family, sodium, lithium, potassium. Fire Hazard Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:

FilmTec™ SR90 Elements contain a nanofiltration membrane that is designed to selectively remove sulfate from seawater used for waterflood injection operations in offshore oil production, helping to prevent barium and strontium sulfate scale precipitation and to control/mitigate souring in reservoirs containing barium and strontium.

(2) The strontium content of number 1 scale sample is 3%; magnesium, iron, and barium content are less; the scale is almost not containing magnesium and barium. The iron content of number 2 scale sample is 3%; iron content is higher than that of iron ions in water at a percentage of total cations, and there is a certain degree of corrosion ...

Barium Sulfate BaSO 4 forms usually in the carbonate reservoirs with barium content and water-flooding operations that use seawater. Barium sulfate is formed from Barium (Ba 2+) cation and Sulfate ( SO 4 2 − ) anions. The primary reason of barium sulfate scaling is the mixture of two incompatible fluids such as formation water and injection ...

We found that strontium, barium, manganese, cobalt, and nickel in New Hanover county samples 1 and 4 had EF similar to those in samples from Sutton coal ash pond sediment .

Barium carbonate is a white powder. It is insoluble in water and soluble in most acids, with the exception of sulfuric acid. It has a specific gravity of 4.275. ... Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank ...

The invention relates to a barium strontium sulphate scale inhibitor for an oil field and an application thereof. The barium strontium sulphate scale inhibitor comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 0.05-0.10% of polyepxoysuccinic acid, 0.01-0.03% of polyamino polyether methylene phosphonate, 0.02-0.05% of a ZG-558 scale inhibitor, 0.01-0.02% of quaternary …

groundwater flooding in Wawarsing, New York, were analyzed and assessed to better understand the hydrologic system and to aid in the assessment of contributing water sources. Above ... strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and lower concentra-tions of calcium (Ca) and bicarbonate (HCO: 3-

12%Barium sulfate is the most dominant type of sulfate scales occurring in water-flooding projects and is usually accompanied by strontium sulfate to form (Ba,Sr) (mat{{SO}}_{4}) mixtures which further intensifies the scaling problems in …

The major scales include calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, strontium sulfate and sodium chloride. These scales primarily cause the fluid flow impairment and even plug-up of perforations, tubular, valves and surface equipments. ... In the case of sulfate scales, it occurs mostly at the time of the water flooding operations with

Scale formation along the injection-water path in water-flood operations: At the injection wellhead, injection water temperature is usually much lower than reservoir temperature. When it travels down the injection well-string, the water cools the surrounding formations and its temperature and pressure increase. ... Barium and strontium sulfate ...

The presence of strontium and barium ions in some formation waters necessitates the examination of the possible formation damage resulting from solid solution formation of barium sulfate and ...